Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) is a type of post-traumatic stress disorder that is caused by exposure to prolonged and repeated trauma, such as childhood abuse, domestic violence, or prolonged captivity. This condition is more severe and debilitating than standard PTSD because it involves a wide range of symptoms that affect an individual’s mental, emotional, and physical health and well-being. If you assume you may have CPTSD, read below more information about CPTSD and reach out to a trained therapist for help to navigate and overcome symptoms of CPTSD. Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is life altering and sometimes it can be hard to ask for help. CPTSD is not officially recognized as a diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), but many mental health professionals consider it to be a distinct condition. There are many symptoms of CPTSD, which can include anxiety, depression, dissociation, guilt, etc. Those with CPTSD may also struggle with relationships and emotions.

One of the defining features of Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is that it is often the result of prolonged repeated exposure to trauma. This means that it is not always easy to identify, and many individuals may not even realize that they have CPTSD. They may instead attribute their symptoms to other mental health conditions or to personal weaknesses or character flaws. Another key aspect of CPTSD is that it often results in pervasive changes to an individual’s sense of self, their relationships with others, and their view of the world around them. This can make it challenging for individuals with CPTSD to engage in meaningful relationships, establish a stable sense of self, or feel safe and secure in their environment. Below is a list of possible symptoms of those with Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.

Signs/Symptoms of CPTSD

• Anxiety
• Depression
• Dissociation
• Emotion dysregulation
• Impulsive behavior
• Pervasive shame or guilt
• Struggle maintaining relationships
• Flashbacks & nightmares related to the trauma
• Not feeling safe in an environment
• & Much more

Treatment for Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

This can include cognitive processing, prolonged exposure, and stress inoculation training. There is strong evidence from research to support the use of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of CPTSD. Studies have shown that cognitive processing therapy (CPT), which is a type of CBT, can be effective in reducing CPTSD symptoms, including emotional dysregulation, negative beliefs, and interpersonal difficulties (Resick et al., 2002; Sloan et al., 2018). Prolonged exposure therapy, another type of CBT, has also been found to be effective in reducing symptoms of PTSD and related disorders, including CPTSD (Foa et al., 2018; Foa et al., 2005). Stress inoculation training, which involves teaching individuals coping skills and strategies to manage stress, has also shown promising results in reducing symptoms of PTSD and related disorders (Resick et al., 2015).

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

Helps to change poor thoughts, behaviors, and beliefs, as a way to reduce trauma symptoms and build skills for emotion regulation. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) has also been found to be effective in treating individuals with CPTSD. Research has shown that DBT can reduce symptoms of emotional dysregulation, self-harm, and suicidal behavior in individuals with CPTSD (Ford et al., 2015; Harned et al., 2014). DBT emphasizes the development of skills for emotion regulation, mindfulness, and distress tolerance, which can help individuals manage the symptoms of CPTSD.

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

Provides exposure to process trauma related memories, feelings, and thoughts through back-and-forth eye movement. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has also been found to be effective in treating CPTSD. Research has shown that EMDR can reduce symptoms of PTSD, including intrusive thoughts, avoidance, and hyperarousal, in individuals with a history of complex trauma (van der Kolk et al., 2007; Hase et al., 2008). EMDR is a unique therapy approach that involves exposure to traumatic memories, feelings, and thoughts while engaging in back-and-forth eye movements, which may facilitate the processing of traumatic memories.

Mindfulness-Based Therapies

Mindfulness-based therapies, such as Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), can help individuals with Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder learn to manage difficult emotions and thoughts associated with trauma. A systematic review of mindfulness-based interventions for PTSD found that these therapies were effective in reducing PTSD symptoms, depression, and anxiety in adults (Gallegos et al., 2017).

Group Therapy

Group therapy can be a helpful treatment option for individuals with CPTSD, as it provides a supportive environment where individuals can connect with others who have experienced similar traumas. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that group therapy was effective in reducing PTSD symptoms in adults (Bisson et al., 2013).

These approaches can help individuals with Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder develop coping skills, process their traumatic experiences, and learn to regulate their emotions more effectively. It is important to note that recovery from CPTSD is a long and challenging process. It may take years of therapy and support for individuals with CPTSD to develop the skills and resilience necessary to manage their symptoms effectively. There is no typical symptom for those with CPTSD, everyone experiences different reactions and symptoms to their CPTSD. Taking the steps to address your CPTSD is very important to have a healthy and happy future.

It is important to note that treatment for CPTSD is often complex and requires a multi-disciplinary approach. A combination of different treatment options may be necessary to address the unique needs of each individual. It is recommended that individuals with CPTSD work with a mental health professional to develop a comprehensive treatment plan.

In conclusion, Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a challenging and debilitating condition that can have a profound impact on an individual’s mental, emotional, and physical health and well-being. It is often the result of prolonged or repeated exposure to trauma, and it can be challenging to identify and treat. However, with the right support and treatment, many individuals with CPTSD are able to overcome their symptoms and live fulfilling and meaningful lives. If you or someone you know may be experiencing signs/symptoms of CPTSD, reach out to a trained therapist for help. Therapy can help to cope with the symptoms and past experiences, if left untreated, CPTSD can lead to greater mental and physical health risks/complications.